This area focuses on developing and applying innovative imaging techniques—including quantitative computed tomography (with both anionic/cationic and nanoparticle contrast agents) and Raman spectroscopy—to assess cartilage composition and bone integrity. These technologies enable detailed, non-invasive “optical biopsies” of tissue and improve the sensitivity and accuracy of diagnosing osteoarthritis, fracture risk, and other musculoskeletal conditions.