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By: Richard D. Cummings The disaccharide lactose, Galβ1-4Glc, is found only in the milk of mammals, and so far, it and extended milk oligosaccharides derived from it, are found nowhere else in nature (1-4). All mammals make milk, of course, but the assortment of oligosaccharides beyond lactose is...

By: Richard D. Cummings O-GlcNAc is a major reversible modification of Ser/Thr residues found on thousands of intracellular glycoproteins in the nucleus, cytoplasm, and mitochondria, and links metabolism via GlcNAc, amino acids, and other intermediates to protein functions (1). The modification has...