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Botulinum toxin (BT) for the management of strabismus was approved by the FDA in 1989 based on work by pediatric ophthalmologist Alan B. Scott, MD. BT can be the first-line treatment for certain forms of strabismus. Indications Acute comitant esotropia in children: BT can be injected to both medial...

Standard strabismus surgery involves altering the position or length of the extraocular muscles to improve ocular alignment. The muscle is reattached to the globe at a set position. The adjustable suture technique was introduced to refine the result immediately after surgery in both adults and...

In the past decade, several new IOL technologies have become available: extended depth of focus (EDOF), multifocal (MFIOL), and light adjustable lenses (LAL). EDOF IOLs offer a range of vision from distance to intermediate. MFIOLs, which are now available as trifocals, offer 3 steps of vision...

Until the approval of Luxturna®, there were no definitive treatments for any IRDs. Today, with the success of Luxturna®, preliminary results from therapies currently under investigation, and an expanding therapeutic toolkit, we have good reason for optimism. We envision a future in which gene...

Applications to Other Diseases The same types of genetic strategies currently being tested for IRDs are also being tested and beginning to receive regulatory approvals in other areas of medicine. For example, the FDA has approved both gene-augmentation therapy and antisense oligonucleotide therapy...

Emphasize the positive: Establish a therapeutic relationship with the patient where the positive aspects of the encounter are emphasized. For example, reassure patients that the eye and central nervous system are not damaged, rather than using phrases like “there is nothing wrong,” which can seem...

In this issue of eye Insights, we explore posterior uveitis and its varied etiologies. Inside, you’ll find common causes, tips for diagnosing posterior uveitis, and treatment techniques. Inside Message from Editor-in-Chief What is Posterior Uveitis Diagnosis Treatment Checkpoint Inhibitors Editor-in...

Treatment of Infectious Uveitis Treatment of infectious uveitis is dependent on the specific microbe. Treatment of Non-infectious Uveitis Anti-inflammatories Periocular, intravitreal, or systemic steroids are the mainstay of the acute treatment of non-infectious posterior uveitis. Topical steroids...

Diagnosis The gold standard for diagnosis is irrigation of saline through the tear drainage system via a lacrimal cannula through the punctum and canaliculi. Passage of saline through the system into the nasal cavity confirms that the system is patent. Reflux from the opposing punctum indicates an...

In this issue of eye Insights, we take a close look at two common oculoplastics disorders seen in ophthalmology practice: primary acquired nasolacrimal duct obstruction (PANDO) and orbital inflammatory syndrome (OIS). Inside, you’ll find key information about how PANDO and OIS are diagnosed, treated...