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In a cohort of 870 patients, we found that the best predictor of bleeding risk during liver biopsy is the highest INR within the last 3 months before the biopsy. This begs the question: Is the time, money, and potential morbidity of INR "correction" with FFPs worth it? Does it actually decrease the...

By: Richard D. Cummings Cholesterol can be glycosylated, and indeed glucosylated cholesterol is common (1). In animal cells, it is a β-D-glucopyranoside derivative of cholesterol (GlcChol), which is generated through a ‘transglycosylation’ pathway in the lysosomes, by the enzymes glucocerebrosidase...

By: Richard D. Cummings The disaccharide lactose, Galβ1-4Glc, is found only in the milk of mammals, and so far, it and extended milk oligosaccharides derived from it, are found nowhere else in nature (1-4). All mammals make milk, of course, but the assortment of oligosaccharides beyond lactose is...

By: Richard D. Cummings O-GlcNAc is a major reversible modification of Ser/Thr residues found on thousands of intracellular glycoproteins in the nucleus, cytoplasm, and mitochondria, and links metabolism via GlcNAc, amino acids, and other intermediates to protein functions (1). The modification has...

By: Richard D. Cummings A peptide is usually considered to be a linkage of 2 to 50 amino acids via peptide bonds, and proteins are larger than 50 or so amino acids. In animal cells, peptides and proteins are synthesized using a template of short or long mRNAs; if they are then modified with attached...

By: Richard D. Cummings Collagen is the most common and abundant glycoprotein in animals (1). Even sponges have collagen (termed spongin) and it is glycosylated much like mammalian collagen. Its name derives from the Greek κόλλα (kólla) (meaning "glue") and the suffix -γέν (-gen), denoting...

We are seeking volunteers who have been diagnosed with Huntington’s disease (HD), Parkinson’s Disease (PD), or Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI). The purpose of this study is to establish biomarkers for both speech and language deficiencies in neurodegenerative diseases using a Speech application...