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Acute pancreatitis may be the initial clinical presentation of pancreatic cancer. However, since the vast majority (approximately 98%) of acute pancreatitis is due to other causes (e.g. alcohol, gallstones), pancreatic cancer is generally not pursued as a possible etiology unless a mass is...

Vertebral fractures are a risk associated with bone metastases in a large range of cancers, with potentially debilitating consequences. While therapeutic interventions exist to reinforce the bone to prevent such fractures, it is currently difficult to evaluate a given patient for level of fracture...

In a cohort of 870 patients, we found that the best predictor of bleeding risk during liver biopsy is the highest INR within the last 3 months before the biopsy. This begs the question: Is the time, money, and potential morbidity of INR "correction" with FFPs worth it? Does it actually decrease the...

By: Richard D. Cummings Cholesterol can be glycosylated, and indeed glucosylated cholesterol is common (1). In animal cells, it is a β-D-glucopyranoside derivative of cholesterol (GlcChol), which is generated through a ‘transglycosylation’ pathway in the lysosomes, by the enzymes glucocerebrosidase...

By: Richard D. Cummings The disaccharide lactose, Galβ1-4Glc, is found only in the milk of mammals, and so far, it and extended milk oligosaccharides derived from it, are found nowhere else in nature (1-4). All mammals make milk, of course, but the assortment of oligosaccharides beyond lactose is...

By: Richard D. Cummings O-GlcNAc is a major reversible modification of Ser/Thr residues found on thousands of intracellular glycoproteins in the nucleus, cytoplasm, and mitochondria, and links metabolism via GlcNAc, amino acids, and other intermediates to protein functions (1). The modification has...

By: Richard D. Cummings A peptide is usually considered to be a linkage of 2 to 50 amino acids via peptide bonds, and proteins are larger than 50 or so amino acids. In animal cells, peptides and proteins are synthesized using a template of short or long mRNAs; if they are then modified with attached...

By: Richard D. Cummings Collagen is the most common and abundant glycoprotein in animals (1). Even sponges have collagen (termed spongin) and it is glycosylated much like mammalian collagen. Its name derives from the Greek κόλλα (kólla) (meaning "glue") and the suffix -γέν (-gen), denoting...