Shahawy, Sarrah, and Nawal M Nour. 2021. “Female Genital Cutting: An Evidence-Based Review for the OBGYN of Long-Term Sequelae and Management Options.”. Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology 64 (3): 519-27.
Abstract
Female genital cutting (FGC) is a persisting global practice that increases patients' risk for experiencing long-term health sequelae. Existing meta-analysis evidence strongly supports an association between FGC and the development of long-term dyspareunia, urinary tract infections, and sexual dysfunction as well as increased risk obstetrically of prolonged labor, cesarean section, perineal lacerations, and episiotomy. Surgical defibulation is recommended in patients with type III FGC to decrease obstetric and gynecologic morbidity. Existing evidence does not seem to definitively support clitoral reconstructive surgery. More research is needed to study conservative treatment and management approaches to long-term sequelae of FGC.