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By: Richard D. Cummings L-Ascorbic acid, vitamin C, is termed a ‘sugar acid’ or ‘acidic sugar’, and is a derivative of glucose with a carboxyl group at C1 (1). In mammals, UDP-glucuronic acid is the source of D-glucuronic acid, the precursor to vitamin C (2). Vitamin C is sometimes referred to as a...

By: Richard D. Cummings Many different monosaccharides from trioses (3-carbon) to decoses (10-carbon) and above are found in nature (1). The most famous nonose (9-carbon) in human glycans is N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) also termed sialic acid. The name sialic acid derives from its discovery in...

By: Richard D. Cummings Sialic acid is a nonose (9-carbon) monosaccharide found in many organisms. All vertebrates have sialic acid, while most invertebrates do not have sialic acid, but there are notable ones that do, as discussed below. In addition, sialic acid is not generated nor found in...

By: Richard D. Cummings The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of many types of cells contain members of a family of UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs). These enzymes utilize uridine diphosphate glucuronic acid (UDP-GlcA) as a donor and add GlcA to a tremendous variety of aglycone hydrophobic compounds...

By: Richard D. Cummings The major urinary glycoprotein is the Tamm-Horsfall protein (THP), also named uromodulin (Umod), and encoded by UMOD (1-4). Its concentration in urine can be as high as 1-2 mg/mL. It was discovered in 1950 by Tamm and Horsfall in their studies on compounds in urine that could...

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By: Richard D. Cummings Until a few years ago it was believed that mitochondria do not contain glycoproteins. However, mitochondria contain a variant form of the enzyme UDP-GlcNAc: polypeptide O-β-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (OGT) that adds O-GlcNAc to Ser/Thr residues of proteins in...

Many decisions that general clinicians need to make daily are based on a risk assessment of different clinical (medical or surgical) interventions relative to the risk of non-intervention. We have a program for developing imaging protocols to better assess risk for patients in several clinical...

We are joined by the paper's senior author Dr. Christopher Tignanelli, an acute care surgeon and associate professor of surgery at the University of Minnesota, Co-Director of the Clinical Quality, Outcomes, Discovery and Evaluation Core, and Associate Dean for Data Science. We discuss challenges and...