Abstract
Despite transformative advances in antiretroviral therapy, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) remains a lifelong condition driven by durable viral reservoirs, chronic immune dysfunction, and complex interactions with host biology, coinfections, and aging. While implementation science is essential to ensure that effective interventions reach populations most affected by HIV, implementation cannot succeed in isolation from continued discovery or from the political and social contexts in which care is delivered. This editorial highlights critical gaps in our understanding of sex-based immunologic differences, tissue-specific viral persistence, resistance evolution, and the long-term inflammatory and metabolic consequences of treated HIV-gaps that directly constrain the durability, equity, and scalability of prevention, treatment, and cure strategies. We further emphasize that successful translation depends on stable policy environments, sustained public investment, and trust-based partnerships with affected communities, without which even highly effective biomedical advances fail to achieve impact. Sustained investment across the full translational spectrum-from basic and mechanistic science through clinical, behavioral, and implementation research-is therefore essential. HIV research has repeatedly served as a model system driving advances across immunology, vaccinology, oncology, aging, and pandemic preparedness, underscoring its broader relevance to human infectious diseases.
