Abstract
AIM: Kidney transplantation remains the most effective treatment for end-stage kidney disease. Still, the development of de novo donor-specific antibodies (dnDSA) increases the risk of rejection and allograft failure. While molecular matching algorithms assess B-cell and T-cell epitope mismatches, no single method fully captures rejection risk across immune pathways. This study combines the HLA Epitope Registry (Epregistry), PIRCHE-T2, and PIRCHE-B scores to enhance risk stratification, allowing for early intervention in high-risk recipients and improving long-term outcomes.
METHODS: A retrospective study of 594 kidney transplant recipients in Saskatchewan (1981-2021), Canada, was conducted, tracking de novo donor-specific antibodies (dnDSA) development until January 2024. Epitope mismatch scores were calculated using Epregistry, PIRCHE-T2, and PIRCHE-B, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis determined the optimal cutoff values for predicting dnDSA formation. Patients were categorized into high-risk (all scores > cutoff), intermediate-risk (one algorithm > cutoff), and low-risk (all scores < cutoff) groups. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis evaluated dnDSA-free survival across risk categories.
RESULTS: Among 594 recipients, 104 individuals (17.5%) developed de novo DSA; of these, 29 patients developed more than one, resulting in a total of 146 dnDSA events. The most frequently targeted locus was HLA-DQ (72/146, 49.3%), followed by HLA-DR (25/146, 17.1%) and HLA-A (24/146, 16.4%). The optimal cutoff values for predicting dnDSA were 22.5 (Epregistry), 30.5 (PIRCHE-T2), and 5.5 (PIRCHE-B) for Class I, and 15.5 (Epregistry), 17.5 (PIRCHE-T2), and 5.5 (PIRCHE-B) for Class II (all p < 0.05). Across all molecular mismatch load metrics, Kaplan-Meier analysis demonstrated significantly lower dnDSA-free and antibody-mediated rejection (ABMR)-free survival among high-risk recipients compared with low-risk recipients (log-rank p < 0.001). In addition, both the PIRCHE-T2 score at HLA Class I loci and the overall PIRCHE-T2 score were significantly associated with T-cell mediated rejection (TCMR) (p < 0.01).
CONCLUSION: Integrating Epregistry, PIRCHE-T2, and PIRCHE-B enhances risk stratification for kidney transplant recipients. Epregistry and PIRCHE-B evaluate HLA antibody epitope mismatches, and PIRCHE-T2 focuses on T-cell mismatches. Applied in conjunction, the methods show improved predictive accuracy, making this multi-algorithm approach more effective in identifying high-risk patients. By enabling earlier interventions and personalized immunosuppressive strategies, this model has the potential to improve long-term transplant success.